Phosphorylation and ubiquitination of OsWRKY31 are integral to OsMKK10-2-mediated defense responses in rice.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascades play vital roles in plant innate immunity, growth, and development. Here, we report that the rice (Oryza sativa) transcription factor gene OsWRKY31 is a key component in a MPK signaling pathway involved in plant disease resistance in rice. We found that the activation of OsMKK10-2 enhances resistance against the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae and suppresses growth through an increase in jasmonic acid and salicylic acid accumulation and a decrease of indole-3-acetic acid levels. Knockout of OsWRKY31 compromises the defense responses mediated by OsMKK10-2. OsMKK10-2 and OsWRKY31 physically interact, and OsWRKY31 is phosphorylated by OsMPK3, OsMPK4, and OsMPK6. Phosphomimetic OsWRKY31 has elevated DNA-binding activity and confers enhanced resistance to M. oryzae. In addition, OsWRKY31 stability is regulated by phosphorylation and ubiquitination via RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligases interacting with WRKY 1 (OsREIW1). Taken together, our findings indicate that modification of OsWRKY31 by phosphorylation and ubiquitination functions in the OsMKK10-2-mediated defense signaling pathway.

The woody plant-degrading pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae effector LtCre1 targets the grapevine sugar-signaling protein VvRHIP1 to suppress host immunity.

Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a causal agent of Botryosphaeria dieback, which seriously threatens grapevine production worldwide. Plant pathogens secrete diverse effectors to suppress host immune responses and promote the progression of infection, but the mechanisms underlying the manipulation of host immunity by L. theobromae effectors are poorly understood. In this study, we characterized LtCre1, which encodes a L. theobromae effector that suppresses BAX-triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. RNAi-silencing and overexpression of LtCre1 in L. theobromae showed impaired and increased virulence, respectively, and ectopic expression in N. benthamiana increased susceptibility. These results suggest that LtCre1 is as an essential virulence factor for L. theobromae. Protein-protein interaction studies revealed that LtCre1 interacts with grapevine RGS1-HXK1-interacting protein 1 (VvRHIP1). Ectopic overexpression of VvRHIP1 in N. benthamiana reduced infection, suggesting that VvRHIP1 enhances plant immunity against L. theobromae. LtCre1 was found to disrupt the formation of the VvRHIP1-VvRGS1 complex and to participate in regulating the plant sugar-signaling pathway. Thus, our results suggest that L. theobromae LtCre1 targets the grapevine VvRHIP1 protein to manipulate the sugar-signaling pathway by disrupting the association of the VvRHIP1-VvRGS1 complex.

Desymmetrization of N-Cbz glutarimides through N-heterocyclic carbene organocatalysis.

Over the past decade, the catalysis of N-heterocyclic carbenes has achieved significant advances. In this area, aldehydes, enals, and esters, are commonly employed as starting materials through various catalytic activation modes. However, NHC-activated strategy of amide and its derivatives remains elusive. Described herein is the realization of asymmetric desymmetrization of N-Cbz glutarimides with alcohols through an imide C-N bond cleavage under NHC organocatalysis. A structurally diverse set of enantioenriched 4-amido esters is generated with acceptable yields and high enantioselectivities. This method features mild reaction conditions, excellent substrate scope, and excellent atom economy. DFT calculations have been performed to explore the detailed reaction mechanism and the origin of the enantioselectivity, which indicate that the strength of the C-H···O hydrogen bond and C-H⋯π interactions should be responsible for the stereoselectivity. The current strategy could open a door for efficient construction of (R)-Rolipram with excellent stereoselectivity.

Arabidopsis HOPS subunit VPS41 carries out plant-specific roles in vacuolar transport and vegetative growth.

The homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) complex is a conserved, multi-subunit tethering complex in eukaryotic cells. In yeast and mammalian cells, the HOPS subunit vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 (VPS41) is recruited to late endosomes after Ras-related protein 7 (Rab7) activation and is essential for vacuole fusion. However, whether VPS41 plays conserved roles in plants is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), VPS41 localizes to distinct condensates in root cells in addition to its reported localization at the tonoplast. The formation of condensates does not rely on the known upstream regulators but depends on VPS41 self-interaction and is essential for vegetative growth regulation. Genetic evidence indicates that VPS41 is required for both homotypic vacuole fusion and cargo sorting from the adaptor protein complex 3, Rab5, and Golgi-independent pathways but is dispensable for the Rab7 cargo inositol transporter 1. We also show that VPS41 has HOPS-independent functions in vacuolar transport. Taken together, our findings indicate that Arabidopsis VPS41 is a unique subunit of the HOPS complex that carries out plant-specific roles in both vacuolar transport and developmental regulation.

Bifunctional squaramide catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of chiral α-mercaptosilanes.

Bifunctional squaramide-catalyzed nucleophilic addition of thiophenols to easily available ß-silyl α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl compounds has been successfully developed. A structurally diverse set of chiral α-mercaptosilanes was efficiently prepared in good to excellent yields with acceptable enantioselectivities. The reaction features mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, and easy scale-up.

N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed [3 + 3] annulation of bromoenals with 2-aminochromones to access chromeno[2,3-b]pyridinones.

N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed [3 + 3] annulation of bromoenals with 2-aminochromones has been successfully developed. A structurally diverse set of chromeno[2,3-b]pyridinones was efficiently constructed in acceptable to excellent yields. The reaction features mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, and easy scale-up.

Alternative Splicing of Rice WRKY62 and WRKY76 Transcription Factor Genes in Pathogen Defense.

The WRKY family of transcription factors (TFs) functions as transcriptional activators or repressors in various signaling pathways. In this study, we discovered that OsWRKY62 and OsWRKY76, two genes of the WRKY IIa subfamily, undergo constitutive and inducible alternative splicing. The full-length OsWRKY62.1 and OsWRKY76.1 proteins formed homocomplexes and heterocomplexes, and the heterocomplex dominates in the nuclei when analyzed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Transgenic overexpression of OsWRKY62.1 and OsWRKY76.1 in rice (Oryza sativa) enhanced plant susceptibility to the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and the leaf blight bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae, whereas RNA interference and loss-of-function knockout plants exhibited elevated resistance. The dsOW62/76 and knockout lines of OsWRKY62 and OsWRKY76 also showed greatly increased expression of defense-related genes and the accumulation of phytoalexins. The ratio of full-length versus truncated transcripts changed in dsOW62/76 plants as well as in response to pathogen infection. The short alternative OsWRKY62.2 and OsWRKY76.2 isoforms could interact with each other and with full-length proteins. OsWRKY62.2 showed a reduced repressor activity in planta, and two sequence determinants required for the repressor activity were identified in the amino terminus of OsWRKY62.1. The amino termini of OsWRKY62 and OsWRKY76 splice variants also showed reduced binding to the canonical W box motif. These results not only enhance our understanding of the DNA-binding property, the repressor sequence motifs, and the negative feedback regulation of the IIa subfamily of WRKYs but also provide evidence for alternative splicing of WRKY TFs during the plant defense response.